... Abstract Downsizing and lowering engine speed is effective for fuel economy. However, such measures lead to severe lubrication condition and increase the risk of seizure because of higher load for the sliding surface. The bearing of the small end of a connecting rod is one of the sliding parts...

... losses was performed. lubrication regime, when the ring load is shared by asperity contact and hydrodynamic pressure. In modeling ring-liner interaction, an asperity contact model must be included to adequately describe asperity contact during both boundary lubrication and mixed lubrication regimes...

... the cross-hatch angle increased oil flow blockage and increased the lubricant’s effective viscosity during mixed lubrication. This allowed more load to be supported by hydrodynamic pressure, reducing ring-pack friction. However, there appeared to be a potential for increased oil consumption and scuffing...