.... Residual stresses were measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The spikes on the repaired rail sample were discovered using a stylus profiler, and showed peak heights higher than the X-ray penetration depth. This resulted in measuring low stresses due to the interruptions to X-ray beam by the spikes...

... at several locations of each sample using X-Ray diffraction technique. Significant point-to-point residual stress variations were found in the ground surfaces, which poses a potential hazard to applications requiring high surface integrity. On the other hand, only small point-to-point residual stress...

..., the stresses included on the surface of the specimens were measured at specific stages of the process. X-ray diffraction analysis analyzes the diffraction planes and their respective interplanar distances from a specific material, as well as the densities of atoms along the crystalline planes. Using...

... 28 03 2008 Bone tissue is a composite material composed of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and collagen. Because HAp in bone tissue is a crystal structure, the X-ray diffraction method is available to measure the lattice strain of HAp. A relationship between macroscopic bone tissue strain...

... 31 03 2008 X-ray diffraction has been applied to the measurement of residual stresses in mechanical and structural components for decades. It has been applied non-destructively in the laboratory on small and large components as well as in the field on very large components...

.... Suryanarayan, C., Grant Norton, M., 1998, X-Ray Diffraction A Practical Approach, Plenum Press, New York, NY. Montenegro R. , Antonietti M. , Mastai Y. , and Landfester K. , 2003 , “ Crystallization in miniemulsion droplets ,” Journal of Physical Chemistry , 107 ; pp. 5088 – 5094...