Abstract
The low velocity impact (LVI)-induced damage of a highly anisotropic laminate [0/90/0/909]s has been studied experimentally and numerically. The purpose of the analyses of this laminate is that this stacking sequence resembles a sandwich composite panel, in the sense that the [0/90/0] outer layers serve as the “face sheet” while the inner 18 plies of 90 deg layers serve as the “core.” The LVI-induced damage pattern of this laminate is unique and referred to as the “kidney” shape. The “kidney” shape damage is caused by a strong interaction between matrix transverse cracking and delamination, hence is challenging to be computationally captured. The enhanced Schapery theory (EST) model has been improved with the capability to model material inelasticity, as well as a novel mixed-mode cohesive law, to tackle this problem. EST with inelasticity (EST-InELA) is shown to be able to predict load responses and damage morphology accurately and efficiently. The aim of this paper is to provide a challenging LVI case to examine and calibrate computational models.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Lin
, S.
, Thorsson
, S. I.
, and Waas
, A. M.
, 2020
, “Predicting the Low Velocity Impact Damage of a Quasi-Isotropic Laminate Using EST
,” Compos. Struct.
, 251
, p. 112530
. 10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.1125302.
Davies
, G.
, and Olsson
, R.
, 2004
, “Impact on Composite Structures
,” Aeronaut. J.
, 108
(1089
), pp. 541
–563
. 10.1017/S00019240000003853.
Abrate
, S.
, 2005
, Impact on Composite Structures
, Cambridge University Press
, Cambridge, UK
.4.
McElroy
, M.
, 2017
, “Use of an Enriched Shell Finite Element to Simulate Delamination-Migration in a Composite Laminate
,” Compos. Struct.
, 167
, pp. 88
–95
. 10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.01.0575.
Maimi
, P.
, Camanho
, P. P.
, Mayugo
, J.
, and Davila
, C.
, 2007
, “A Continuum Damage Model for Composite Laminates: Part I: Constitutive Model
,” Mech. Mater.
, 39
(10
), pp. 897
–908
. 10.1016/j.mechmat.2007.03.0056.
González
, E. V.
, Maimí
, P.
, Camanho
, P. P.
, Turon
, A.
, and Mayugo
, J. A.
, 2012
, “Simulation of Drop-Weight Impact and Compression After Impact Tests on Composite Laminates
,” Compos. Struct.
, 94
(11
), pp. 3364
–3378
. 10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.05.0157.
Lopes
, C.
, Sadaba
, S.
, Gonzalez
, C.
, Llorca
, J.
, and Camanho
, P.
, 2016
, “Physically-Sound Simulation of Low-Velocity Impact on Fiber Reinforced Laminates
,” Int. J. Impact Eng.
, 92
, pp. 3
–17
. 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.05.0148.
Lopes
, C. S.
, Camanho
, P. P.
, Gürdal
, Z.
, Maimí
, P.
, and González
, E. V.
, 2009
, “Low-Velocity Impact Damage on Dispersed Stacking Sequence Laminates. Part II: Numerical Simulations
,” Compos. Sci. Technol.
, 69
(7–8
), pp. 937
–947
. 10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.02.0159.
Donadon
, M.
, Iannucci
, L.
, Falzon
, B. G.
, Hodgkinson
, J.
, and de Almeida
, S. F.
, 2008
, “A Progressive Failure Model for Composite Laminates Subjected to Low Velocity Impact Damage
,” Comput. Struct.
, 86
(11–12
), pp. 1232
–1252
. 10.1016/j.compstruc.2007.11.00410.
Faggiani
, A.
, and Falzon
, B.
, 2010
, “Predicting Low-Velocity Impact Damage on a Stiffened Composite Panel
,” Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf.
, 41
(6
), pp. 737
–749
. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.02.00511.
Liu
, H.
, Falzon
, B. G.
, and Tan
, W.
, 2018
, “Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Impact Response of Damage-Tolerant Hybrid Unidirectional/Woven Carbon-Fibre Reinforced Composite Laminates
,” Compos. Part B: Eng.
, 136
, pp. 101
–118
. 10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.10.01612.
Soto
, A.
, González
, E. V.
, Maimí
, P.
, De La Escalera
, F. M.
, De Aja
, J. S.
, and Alvarez
, E.
, 2018
, “Low Velocity Impact and Compression After Impact Simulation of Thin Ply Laminates
,” Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf.
, 109
, pp. 413
–427
. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.03.01713.
González
, E. V.
, Maimí
, P.
, Martín-Santos
, E.
, Soto
, A.
, Cruz
, P.
, De La Escalera
, F. M.
, and de Aja
, J. S.
, 2018
, “Simulating Drop-Weight Impact and Compression After Impact Tests on Composite Laminates Using Conventional Shell Finite Elements
,” Int. J. Solids Struct.
, 144
, pp. 230
–247
. 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.05.00514.
Bouvet
, C.
, Rivallant
, S.
, and Barrau
, J.-J.
, 2012
, “Low Velocity Impact Modeling in Composite Laminates Capturing Permanent Indentation
,” Compos. Sci. Technol.
, 72
(16
), pp. 1977
–1988
. 10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.08.01915.
Rivallant
, S.
, Bouvet
, C.
, and Hongkarnjanakul
, N.
, 2013
, “Failure Analysis of CFRP Laminates Subjected to Compression After Impact: FE Simulation Using Discrete Interface Elements
,” Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf.
, 55
, pp. 83
–93
. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.08.00316.
McElroy
, M. W.
, Gutkin
, R.
, and Pankow
, M.
, 2017
, “Interaction of Delaminations and Matrix Cracks in a CFRP Plate, Part II: Simulation Using an Enriched Shell Finite Element Model
,” Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf.
, 103
, pp. 252
–262
. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.10.00617.
Pineda
, E. J.
, and Waas
, A. M.
, 2013
, “Numerical Implementation of a Multiple-ISV Thermodynamically-Based Work Potential Theory for Modeling Progressive Damage and Failure in Fiber-Reinforced Laminates
,” Int. J. Fract.
, 182
(1
), pp. 93
–122
. 10.1007/s10704-013-9860-118.
Thorsson
, S. I.
, Waas
, A. M.
, and Rassaian
, M.
, 2018
, “Low-Velocity Impact Predictions of Composite Laminates Using a Continuum Shell Based Modeling Approach Part b: BVID Impact and Compression After Impact
,” Int. J. Solids Struct.
, 155
, pp. 201
–212
. 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.07.01819.
Thorsson
, S. I.
, Waas
, A. M.
, and Rassaian
, M.
, 2018
, “Low-Velocity Impact Predictions of Composite Laminates Using a Continuum Shell Based Modeling Approach Part a: Impact Study
,” Int. J. Solids Struct.
, 155
, pp. 185
–200
. 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.07.02020.
Lin
, S.
, and Waas
, A. M.
, 2020
, “Experimental and High-Fidelity Computational Investigations on the Low Velocity Impact Damage of Laminated Composite Materials
,” AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum
, Orlando, FL
, Jan. 6–10
, pp. 0724
–0750
.21.
Topac
, O. T.
, Gozluklu
, B.
, Gurses
, E.
, and Coker
, D.
, 2017
, “Experimental and Computational Study of the Damage Process in CFRP Composite Beams Under Low-Velocity Impact
,” Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf.
, 92
, pp. 167
–182
. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.06.02322.
Thorsson
, S. I.
, Xie
, J.
, Marek
, J.
, and Waas
, A. M.
, 2016
, “Matrix Crack Interacting With a Delamination in an Impacted Sandwich Composite Beam
,” Eng. Fract. Mech.
, 163
, pp. 476
–486
. 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2016.04.00323.
Rots
, J. G.
, Nauta
, P.
, Kuster
, G.
, and Blaauwendraad
, J.
, 1985
, “Smeared Crack Approach and Fracture Localization in Concrete
,” HERON
, 30
(1
), p. 1985
.24.
Heinrich
, C.
, and Waas
, A.
, 2012
, “Investigation of Progressive Damage and Fracture in Laminated Composites Using the Smeared Crack Approach
,” 53rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference 20th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference 14th AIAA.
, Honolulu, HI
, Apr. 23–26
, pp. 1537
–1556
.25.
Lin
, S.
, Davidson
, P.
, Stieber
, J.
, and Waas
, A.
, 2019
, “Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Three Point Bending Response of Highly Anisotropic Composite Beam
,” Proceedings of the American Society for Composites—Thirty-Fourth Technical Conference
, Atlanta, GA
, Sept. 23–25
.26.
Schapery
, R.
, 1989
, “A Method for Mechanical State Characterization of Inelastic Composite Laminates With Damage
,” Proceedings of The 7th International Conference On Fracture (ICF7)
, Houston, TX
, Mar. 24
, pp. 2177
–2189
.27.
Joseph
, A. P.
, Davidson
, P.
, and Waas
, A. M.
, 2018
, “Open Hole and Filled Hole Progressive Damage and Failure Analysis of Composite Laminates With a Countersunk Hole
,” Compos. Struct.
, 203
, pp. 523
–538
. 10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.06.12028.
A. D7136
, 2005
, “Standard Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer Matrix Composites to a Drop-Weight Impact Event
,” Book of Standards 15
.29.
Yu
, B.
, Bradley
, R.
, Soutis
, C.
, Hogg
, P.
, and Withers
, P.
, 2015
, “2D and 3D Imaging of Fatigue Failure Mechanisms of 3d Woven Composites
,” Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf.
, 77
, pp. 37
–49
. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.06.01330.
Nixon-Pearson
, O.
, and Hallett
, S.
, 2015
, “An Experimental Investigation Into Quasi-Static and Fatigue Damage Development in Bolted-Hole Specimens
,” Compos. Part B: Eng.
, 77
, pp. 462
–473
. 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.03.05131.
Schapery
, R. A.
, 1975
, “A Theory of Crack Initiation and Growth in Viscoelastic Media
,” Int. J. Fract.
, 11
(1
), pp. 141
–159
. 10.1007/BF0003472132.
Bažant
, Z. P.
, and Oh
, B. H.
, 1983
, “Crack Band Theory for Fracture of Concrete
,” Matériaux et construction
, 16
(3
), pp. 155
–177
. 10.1007/BF0248626733.
Nguyen
, M. H.
, and Waas
, A. M.
, 2020
, “A Novel Mode-Dependent and Probabilistic Semi-Discrete Damage Model for Progressive Failure Analysis of Composite Laminates—Part I: Meshing Strategy and Mixed-Mode Law
,” Compos. Part C: Open Access
, 3
, p. 100073
. 10.1016/j.jcomc.2020.10007334.
Joseph
, A. P.
, Waas
, A. M.
, Ji
, W.
, Pineda
, E. J.
, Liguore
, S. L.
, and Wanthal
, S. P.
, 2015
, “Progressive Damage and Failure Prediction of Open Hole Tension and Open Hole Compression Specimens
,” 56th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
, Kissimmee, FL
, Jan. 5–9
, pp. 466
–484
.35.
Song
, S.
, Waas
, A. M.
, Shahwan
, K. W.
, Faruque
, O.
, and Xiao
, X.
, 2010
, “Effects of Matrix Microcracking on the Response of 2D Braided Textile Composites Subjected to Compression Loads
,” J. Compos. Mater.
, 44
(2
), pp. 221
–240
. 10.1177/002199830934134536.
Puck
, A.
, and Schürmann
, H.
, 2004
, “Failure Analysis of FRP Laminates by Means of Physically Based Phenomenological Models,” Failure Criteria in Fibre-Reinforced-Polymer Composites
, M. J.
Hinton
, A. S.
Kaddour
, and P. D.
Soden
, eds., Elsevier
, New York
, pp. 832
–876
.37.
Nguyen
, N.
, and Waas
, A. M.
, 2016
, “A Novel Mixed-Mode Cohesive Formulation for Crack Growth Analysis
,” Compos. Struct.
, 156
, pp. 253
–262
. 10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.11.01538.
Lin
, S.
, Ranatunga
, V.
, and Waas
, A. M.
, 2021
, “A Comprehensive Experimental and Computational Study on LVI Induced Damage of Laminated Composites
,” AIAA Scitech 2021 Forum
, Online
, Jan. 11–15
, pp. 1623
–1654
.39.
Dassault Systemes Simulia Corporation
, 2014
, ABAQUS/Standard User’s Manual, Version 6.14
, Dassault Systemes Simulia Corporation
, Rhode Island, USA
.40.
Nguyen
, M. H.
, Vijayachandran
, A. A.
, Davidson
, P.
, Call
, D.
, Lee
, D.
, and Waas
, A. M.
, 2019
, “Effect of Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) Manufacturing Signature on Mechanical Performance of Composite Structures
,” Compos. Struct.
, 228
, p. 111335
. 10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.11133541.
Waas
, A. M.
, Thorsson
, S. I.
, and Rassaian
, M.
, 2018
, “Prediction of Low-Velocity Face-on Impact Response and Compression After Impact (CAI) of Composite Laminates Using EST and Cohesive Modeling (DCZM)
,” 2018 AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
, Kissimmee, FL
, Jan. 8–12
, p. 1704
.42.
Ebina
, M.
, Yoshimura
, A.
, Sakaue
, K.
, and Waas
, A. M.
, 2018
, “High Fidelity Simulation of Low Velocity Impact Behavior of CFRP Laminate
,” Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf.
, 113
, pp. 166
–179
. 10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.07.022Copyright © 2021 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
