... method, and in situ force measurements inside transmission electron microscopy. The modeling and simulation efforts encompass tight bonding methods and molecular dynamics. Replacing the covalent sp 2 bond (C–C) by ionic bond (B–N) results in differences in the mechanical properties of BN nanotubes...

... by: a ) the conjugate gradient method (without non-negativity constraint) and b ) the gradient projection method (with non-negativity constraint); the solid curves represent the forces measured directly by the impact...