... Probability Density Function (PDF) for the mixture fraction is used to model the turbulent non-premixed combustion process in the furnace. The combustion model is based on the assumption of instantaneous full chemical equilibrium. The P-1 model is chosen as the radiation model, and the Weighted-Sum-of-Gray...

... is “smooth”—without ripples—for each thermodynamic equilibrium state, and oscillatory or rippled for states that are either nonequilibrium or unstable equilibrium. In many textbooks, the probability density function associated with measurement results of the spatial coordinates of the constituents...