This paper focuses on the effect that surface tension (Marangoni phenomenon) and viscosity dependence on temperature has on the spreading, transient behavior and final post-solidification shape of a molten Sn63Pb solder droplet deposited on a flat substrate. A Lagrangian finite element formulation of the complete axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations is utilized for the description of the droplet behavior. Linear temperature dependence for the surface tension and an exponential dependence for the viscosity are assumed. The initial droplet temperature is varied in 50 K steps from 200°C to 500°C, whereas the substrate temperature is kept constant at 25°C. This varies the initial Reynolds number from 360 to 716 and the Marangoni number Ma from −9 to −49. The initial Weber number and initial Prandtl number are for all cases O(1) and respectively. The impact velocity and the droplet diameter remain unchanged in all cases examined at 1.5 m/s and 80 microns. A major finding of the work is that, contrary to intuition, the Marangoni effect decreased droplet spreading monotonically. Due to the Marangoni effect, the mechanism that arrested spreading is the surface tension and not the beginning of freezing. Droplet receding during recoiling was aided by the Marangoni effect. On the other hand, the change of viscosity with temperature showed no significant influence on the outcome of the droplet impact.
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Technical Papers
Marangoni and Variable Viscosity Phenomena in Picoliter Size Solder Droplet Deposition
M. Dietzel,
M. Dietzel
Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Institute of Energy Technology, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Center, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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S. Haferl,
S. Haferl
Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Institute of Energy Technology, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Center, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Y. Ventikos,
Y. Ventikos
Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Institute of Energy Technology, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Center, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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D. Poulikakos
dimos.poulikakos@ethz.ch
D. Poulikakos
Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Institute of Energy Technology, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Center, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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M. Dietzel
Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Institute of Energy Technology, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Center, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
S. Haferl
Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Institute of Energy Technology, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Center, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Y. Ventikos
Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Institute of Energy Technology, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Center, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
D. Poulikakos
Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Institute of Energy Technology, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Center, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
dimos.poulikakos@ethz.ch
Contributed by the Heat Transfer Division for publication in the JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER. Manuscript received by the Heat Transfer Division April 22, 2002; revision received October 11, 2002. Associate Editor: V. Prasad.
J. Heat Transfer. Apr 2003, 125(2): 365-376 (12 pages)
Published Online: March 21, 2003
Article history
Received:
April 22, 2002
Revised:
October 11, 2002
Online:
March 21, 2003
Citation
Dietzel , M., Haferl , S., Ventikos , Y., and Poulikakos, D. (March 21, 2003). "Marangoni and Variable Viscosity Phenomena in Picoliter Size Solder Droplet Deposition ." ASME. J. Heat Transfer. April 2003; 125(2): 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1532014
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