Fig. 1 Schematic and real view of the interior details of the vortex tube and the location of the rounded off radius on the navigator piece Schematic and real view of the interior details of the vortex tube and the location of the rounded off radius on the navigator piece More

Fig. 2 Schematic view of the measuring systems and the operational devices used in the tests Schematic view of the measuring systems and the operational devices used in the tests More

Fig. 3 Changes in Δ T c as a function of CMF for different rounding off radiuses ( R * ) Changes in ΔTc as a function of CMF for different rounding off radiuses (R*) More

Fig. 4 Changes in hot temperature difference at different CMFs for various rounded off edges ( R * ) Changes in hot temperature difference at different CMFs for various rounded off edges (R*) More

Fig. 5 Variations of isentropic efficiency in terms of CMF based on different rounding off radiuses Variations of isentropic efficiency in terms of CMF based on different rounding off radiuses More

Fig. 6 Tangential velocity on the VT radius (nondimensional) for different rounding off radiuses at Z/L  = 0.3 along the main tube Tangential velocity on the VT radius (nondimensional) for different rounding off radiuses at Z/L = 0.3 along the main tube More

Fig. 7 Tangential velocity on the VT radius (nondimensional) for different rounding off radiuses at Z/L  = 0.7 along the main tube Tangential velocity on the VT radius (nondimensional) for different rounding off radiuses at Z/L = 0.7 along the main tube More

Fig. 8 Rotational velocity drop along the main tube (different rounding off radiuses) Rotational velocity drop along the main tube (different rounding off radiuses) More

Fig. 9 Axial velocity trends on the radius of the VT (nondimensional) for different rounding off radiuses ( Z/L  = 0.3) Axial velocity trends on the radius of the VT (nondimensional) for different rounding off radiuses (Z/L = 0.3) More

Fig. 10 Axial velocity trends on the radius of the VT (nondimensional) for different rounding off radiuses ( Z/L  = 0.7) Axial velocity trends on the radius of the VT (nondimensional) for different rounding off radiuses (Z/L = 0.7) More

Fig. 11 Comparison between swirl velocity patterns in different experimental works (all in nondimensional situation) near the chamber Comparison between swirl velocity patterns in different experimental works (all in nondimensional situation) near the chamber More

Fig. 12 Comparison between swirl velocity patterns in different experimental works (all in nondimensional situation) near the control valve Comparison between swirl velocity patterns in different experimental works (all in nondimensional situation) near the control valve More

Fig. 13 Comparison of nondimensional axial velocities in different investigations on dimensionless radial distance ( r/R ) Comparison of nondimensional axial velocities in different investigations on dimensionless radial distance (r/R) More

Fig. 1 Ellipsoidal 45 deg dimpled U-tube ( a ) three-dimensional (3D) dimple, ( b ) top view of two-dimensional (2D) dimple geometry, ( c ) side view of 2D dimple geometry, ( d ) 3D U-tube highlighting important information, ( e ) dimple pitch, and ( f ) crosswise of dimple tube Ellipsoidal 45 d... More

Fig. 2 Structured hexahedral mesh of the computational domain Structured hexahedral mesh of the computational domain More