... performances enhanced by some conducting strips aligned with the mean flow direction on the insulating wall for free surface MHD flow are simulated numerically in this paper. The flow behaviors, heat transfer coefficients, friction factors, and pressure drops are presented under different Hartmann numbers...

... ) . The voltage, ϕ , is set to zero at the bottom of the workpiece FG. Within the computational domain, the moving surface of the electrode, droplet, and weld pool forms a moving inner boundary condition for the arc region. VOF Eq. 19 is solved in the metal domain to track the moving free surface...

... to the preceding model, fully transient heat and fluid flow is computed with a free surface of the rising bubble and a periodic calculation of repeated cycles of bubble growth, detachment, and rise, requiring only specification of the waiting time between successive bubbles. Additionally, microscopic effects...

... to handle solid phase, liquid phase, and mushy zone during melting and solidification processes. The volume-of-fluid method was employed to handle free surfaces. The enthalpy method was used for latent heat. Laser absorptions (Inverse Bremsstrahlung and Fresnel absorption) and thermal radiation...

... , “ Modeling of Laser Keyhole Welding: Part I. Mathematical Modeling, Numerical Methodology, Role of Recoil Pressure, Multiple Reflections and Free Surface Evolution ,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A 1073-5623 33 , pp. 1817 – 1830 . Afanasiev , Y. V. , and Krokhin , O. N. , 1967 , Sov. Phys...