Sandwich sheet structures are gaining a wide array of applications in the aeronautical, marine, automotive, and civil engineering fields. Since such sheets can be subjected to forming/stamping processes, it is crucial to characterize their limiting amount of deformation before trying out any forming/stamping process. To achieve this goal, sandwich sheets of Al 3105/polymer/Al 3105 were prepared using thin film hot melt adheres. Through an experimental effort, forming limit diagrams (FLDs) of the prepared sandwich sheets were evaluated. In addition, simulation efforts were conducted to predict the FLDs of the sandwich sheets using finite element analysis (FEA) by considering the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) damage model. The agreement among the experimental results and simulated predictions was promising. The effects of different parameters such as polymer core thickness, aluminum face sheet thickness, and shape constraints were investigated on the FLDs.

References

1.
Burchitz
,
I.
,
Boesenkool
,
R.
,
Van der Zwaag
,
S.
, and
Tassoul
,
M.
,
2005
, “
Highlights of Designing With Hylite—A New Material Concept
,”
Mater. Des.
,
26
, pp.
271
279
.10.1016/j.matdes.2004.06.021
2.
Somayajulu
,
T. S. V.
,
2004
, “
Vibration and Formability Characteristics of Aluminium-Polymer Sandwich Material
,” Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
3.
Kim
,
K. J.
, and
Chung
,
K.
,
2003
, “
Formability of AA5182/Polypropylene/AA5182 Sandwich Sheets
,”
J. Mater.Process. Technol.
,
193
, pp.
1
7
.10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00173-0
4.
Ruokolainen
,
R. B.
, and
Sigler
,
D. R.
,
2008
, “
The Effect of Adhesion and Tensile Properties on the Formability of Laminated Steels
,”
J. Mater. Eng. Perform.
,
17
, pp.
330
339
.10.1007/s11665-008-9207-7
5.
Kim
,
J. K.
, and
Thomason
,
P. F.
,
1990
, “
Forming Behavior of Sheet Steel Laminates
,”
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
,
22
, pp.
45
64
.10.1016/0924-0136(90)90141-G
6.
Weiss
,
M.
,
Rolfe
,
B. F.
,
Dingle
,
M.
, and
Duncan
,
J. L.
,
2006
, “
Elastic Bending of Steel-Polymer-Steel (SPS) Laminates to a Constant Curvature
,”
ASME J. Appl. Mech.
,
73
, pp.
574
579
.10.1115/1.2164512
7.
Mohr
,
D.
,
2005
, “
On the Role of Shear Strength in Sandwich Sheet Forming
,”
Int. J. Solids Struct.
,
42
, pp.
1491
1512
.10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.07.012
8.
Aghaie-Khafri
,
M.
, and
Mahmudi
,
R.
,
2004
, “
Prediction of Plastic Instability and Forming Limit Diagrams
,”
Int. J. Mech. Sci.
,
46
, pp.
1289
1306
.10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2004.08.009
9.
Uthaisangsuk
, V
.
,
Prahl
,
U.
, and
Muns
,
S.
,
2008
, “
Experimental and Numerical Failure Criterion for Formability Prediction in Sheet Metal Forming
,”
J. Comput. Mater. Sci.
,
43
, pp.
43
50
.10.1016/j.commatsci.2007.07.036
10.
Yao
,
H.
, and
Cao
,
J.
,
2002
, “
Prediction of Forming Limit Curves Using an Anisotropic Yield Function With Prestrain Induced Backstress
,”
Int. J. Plast.
,
18
, pp.
1013
1038
.10.1016/S0749-6419(01)00022-5
11.
Ozturk
,
F.
, and
Lee
,
D.
,
2004
, “
Analysis of Forming Limits Using Ductile Fracture Criteria
,
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
,
14
, pp.
397
404
.10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.01.014
12.
Wu
,
P. D.
,
Embury
,
J. D.
,
Lioyd
,
D. J.
,
Huang
,
Y.
, and
Neale
,
K. W.
,
2009
, “
Effects of Superimposed Hydrostatic Pressure on Sheet Metal Formability
,”
Int. J. Plast.
,
25
(
9
), pp.
1711
1725
.10.1016/j.ijplas.2008.10.002
13.
Alsos
,
H. S.
,
Hopperstad
,
O. S.
,
Tornqvist
,
R.
, and
Amdahl
,
J.
,
2008
, “
Analysis and Numerical Analysis of Sheet Metal Instability Using a Stress Based Criterion
,”
Int. J. Solids Struct.
,
45
, pp.
2042
2055
.10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2007.11.015
14.
Shen
,
W.
,
Peng
,
L. H.
, and
Tang
,
C. Y.
,
2005
, “
An Anisotropic Damage-Based Plastic Yield Criterion and Its Application to Analysis of Metal Forming Process
,”
Int. J. Mech. Sci.
,
47
, pp.
1897
1992
.10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2005.07.007
15.
Sanchez
,
P. J.
,
Huespe
,
A. E.
, and
Oliver
,
J.
,
2008
,
“On Some Topics for the Numerical Simulation of Ductile Fracture
,
Int. J. Plast.
,
24
, pp.
1008
1038
.10.1016/j.ijplas.2007.08.004
16.
Chen
,
Z.
, and
Dong
,
X.
,
2008
, “
The GTN Damage Based on Hill's Anisotropic Yield Criterion and Its Application in Sheet Metal Forming
,”
Comput. Mater. Sci.
,
42
(
9
), pp.
1414
1419
.10.1016/j.commatsci.2008.07.020
17.
Dutta
,
B. K.
,
Guin
,
S.
,
Sahu
,
M. K.
, and
Samal
,
M. K.
,
2008
, “
A Phenomenological Form of the q2 Parameter in the Gurson Model
,”
Int. J. Pressure Vessels Piping
,
85
, pp.
199
210
.10.1016/j.ijpvp.2007.10.009
18.
van den Boogaard, A. H.,
2002
, “
Thermally Enhanced Forming of Aluminum Sheet—Modeling and Experiment
,” Ph.D. thesis, Twente University, Enschede, The Netherlands.
19.
Harewood
,
F. J.
, and
McHugh
,
P. E.
,
2007
, “
Comparison of the Implicit and Explicit Finite Element Method Using Crystal Plasticity
,”
Comput. Mater. Sci.
,
39
, pp.
481
494
.10.1016/j.commatsci.2006.08.002
20.
Harewood
,
F. J.
, and
McHugh
,
P. E.
,
2000
, “
Comparison of Implicit and Explicit Finite Element Methods for Dynamic Problems
,”
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
,
105
, pp.
110
118
.10.1016/S0924-0136(00)00580-X
21.
Parsa
,
M. H.
,
Ettehad
,
M.
,
Matin
,
P. H.
, and
Al Ahkami
,
S. N.
,
2010
, “
Experimental and Numerical Determination of Limiting Drawing Ratio of Al3105-Polypropylene-Al3105 Sandwich Sheets
,”
ASME J. Eng. Mater. Technol.
,
132
, p.
031004
.10.1115/1.4001264
22.
Matin
,
P. H.
, and
Smith
,
L. M.
,
2005
, “
Practical Limitations to the Influence of Transverse Normal Stress on Sheet Metal Formability
,”
Int. J. Plast.
,
21
(
4
), pp.
671
690
.10.1016/j.ijplas.2004.05.002
23.
Chen
,
M. A.
,
Li
,
H. Z.
, and
Zhang
,
X. M.
,
2007
, “
Improvement of Shear of Aluminum-Polypropylene Lap Joints by Grafting Maleic Anhydride Onto Polypropylene
,
Int. J. Adhes. Adhes.
,
27
, pp.
175
187
.10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2006.01.008
24.
ASTM D 1876-00
,
2001
, “
Standard Test Method for Peel Resistance of Adhesives (T-Peel Test)
,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
25.
ASTM D 3164-97
,
2001
, “
Standard Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesively Bonded Plastic Lap-Shear Sandwich Joints in Shear by Tension Loading
,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
26.
Parsa
,
M. H.
, and
Ettehad
,
M.
,
2008
, “
Prediction of Delamination During Deep-Drawing of Steel-Polymer-Steel Sandwich Sheet Material
,”
9th International Conference on Technology of Plasticity
, Gyeongju, Korea, September 7–11.
27.
Reis
,
F.
,
Malcher
,
L.
,
Andrade Pires
,
F. M.
, and
Césarde Sá
,
J. M. A.
, 2010, “
A Modified GTN Model for the Prediction of Ductile Fracture at Low Stress Triaxialities
,” Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica (IDMEC), Porto, Portugal.
28.
Chen
,
Z.
, and
Dong
,
X.
,
2008
, “
Comparison of GTN Damage Models for Sheet Metal Forming
,”
J. Shanghai Jiaotong Univ.
,
13
(
6
), pp.
739
743
.10.1007/s12204-008-0739-7
29.
Li
,
H.
,
Fu
,
M. W.
,
Lua
,
J.
, and
Yang
,
H.
,
2011
, “
Ductile Fracture: Experiments and Computations
,”
Int. J. Plast.
,
27
, pp.
147
180
.10.1016/j.ijplas.2010.04.001
30.
Liang
,
X.
,
2008
, “
Constitutive Modeling of Void Shearing Effect in Ductile Fracture of Porous Materials
,”
Eng. Fract. Mech.
,
75
, pp.
3343
3366
.10.1016/j.engfracmech.2007.07.022
You do not currently have access to this content.