... oriented). The secondary creep constants are analytically determined from creep deformation experiments. The classical Kachanov–Rabotnov model for tertiary creep damage is implemented in a general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA) software. The simulated annealing optimization routine is utilized...

..., the possibility that strain induced creep damage depends only on the inelastic deformation level accumulated during creep and not on time. According to this, at the continuum scale, creep damage starts to occur in the material when the displacement field, associated with a given macroscopic (average) creep strain...