Abstract
Industrial facilities play a significant role in economic growth now and for the foreseeable future. However, past earthquake reconnaissance surveys have revealed that the seismic vulnerability of these facilities has resulted in huge economic losses mainly due to operational failures. As per ASCE 7, industrial facilities could be classified as building-like and nonbuilding-like types. In this paper, the fragility of building-like industrial facilities is focused. First, relevant design code requirements and provisions were summarized for further discussion on possible improvements. This is followed by a review of the latest techniques, challenges, and knowledge gaps related to the fragility development of building-like industrial facilities. The review indicates gaps in fragility development specific to seismic loss quantification. The need for updated design guidelines, component interdependencies, robust seismic modeling, and analysis techniques for improved decision-making are hence recommended.
Issue Section:
Review Article
References
1.
Aguaguiña
,
M.
,
Zhou
,
Y.
,
Gong
,
S.
, and
Fang
,
Z.
, 2018
, “
Application of Buckling-Restrained Braces in the Seismic Design of a Thermal Power Plant in China
,” Key Eng. Mater.
,
763
, pp. 1017
–1024
.10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.763.10172.
Ulmi
,
M.
, 2014
, Hazus-MH 2.1 Canada, User and Technical Manual: Earthquake Module
,
Natural Resources Canada
,
Ottawa, ON, Canada
.3.
Ryu
,
Y. H.
,
Gupta
,
A.
, and
Ju
,
B. S.
, 2019
, “
Fragility Evaluation in Building- Piping Systems: Effect of Piping Interaction With Buildings
,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol.
,
141
(1
), p. 010906.10.1115/1.40390044.
Caputo
,
A. C.
,
Paolacci
,
F.
,
Bursi
,
O. S.
, and
Giannini
,
R.
, 2019
, “
Problems and Perspectives in Seismic Quantitative Risk Analysis of Chemical Process Plants
,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol.
,
141
(1
), p. 010901.10.1115/1.40408045.
Merino Vela
,
R. J.
,
Brunesi
,
E.
, and
Nascimbene
,
R.
, 2018
, “
Derivation of Floor Acceleration Spectra for an Industrial Liquid Tank Supporting Structure With Braced Frame Systems
,” Eng. Struct.
,
171
, pp. 105
–122
.10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.0536.
Rahnama
,
M.
, and
Morrow
,
G.
, 2000
, “
Performance of Industrial Facilities in the August 17, 1999, Izmit Earthquake
,” Proceedings of the 12WCEE
, Auckland, New Zealand, Jan. 30–Feb. 4, Paper No. 2851.https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/2851.pdf7.
Eshghi
,
S.
, and
Razzaghi
,
M. S.
, 2005
, “
Performance of Industrial Facilities in the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake
,” Earthquake Spectra
,
21
(1_suppl
), pp. 395
–410
.10.1193/1.20988108.
Fujita
,
S.
,
Nakamura
,
I.
,
Furuya
,
O.
,
Watanabe
,
T.
,
Minagawa
,
K.
,
Morishita
,
M.
,
Kamada
,
T.
, and
Takahashi
,
Y.
, 2012
, “
Seismic Damage of Mechanical Structures by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake
,” 15th World Conference Earthquake Engineering
, Lisbon, Portugal, Sept. 24–28, pp. 24
–28
.https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/WCEE2012_2708.pdf9.
Fujisaki
,
E.
,
Takhirov
,
S.
,
Xie
,
Q.
, and
Mosalam
,
K. M.
, 2014
, “
Seismic Vulnerability of Power Supply: Lessons Learned from Recent Earthquakes and Future Horizons of Research
,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Structural Dynamic, EURODYN
, Porto, Portugal, June 30–July 2, pp. 345
–350
.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263733794_Seismic_Vulnerability_of_Power_Supply_Lessons_Learned_from_Recent_Earthquakes_and_Future_Horizons_of_Research10.
Parker
,
G.
, 2018
, The 20 Costliest Earthquakes in World History
,
Money Inc.
, NY
.11.
Bournas
,
D. A.
,
Negro
,
P.
, and
Taucer
,
F. F.
, 2014
, “
Performance of Industrial Buildings During the Emilia Earthquakes in Northern Italy and Recommendations for Their Strengthening
,” Bull. Earthquake Eng.
,
12
(5
), pp. 2383
–2404
.10.1007/s10518-013-9466-z12.
Abalı
,
E.
, and
Uçkan
,
E.
, 2010
, “
Parametric Analysis of Liquid Storage Tanks Base Isolated by Curved Surface Sliding Bearings
,” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng.
,
30
(1–2
), pp. 21
–31
.10.1016/j.soildyn.2009.08.00113.
Vathi
,
M.
,
Karamanos
,
S. A.
,
Kapogiannis
,
I. A.
, and
Spiliopoulos
,
K. v.
, 2017
, “
Performance Criteria for Liquid Storage Tanks and Piping Systems Subjected to Seismic Loading
,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol.
,
139
(5
), p. 051801.10.1115/1.403691614.
Merino Vela
,
R. J.
,
Brunesi
,
E.
, and
Nascimbene
,
R.
, 2019
, “
Seismic Assessment of an Industrial Frame-Tank System: Development of Fragility Functions
,” Bull. Earthquake Eng.
,
17
(5
), pp. 2569
–2602
.10.1007/s10518-018-00548-215.
Krausmann
,
E.
,
Cruz
,
A. M.
, and
Affeltranger
,
B.
, 2010
, “
The Impact of the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake on Industrial Facilities
,” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind.
,
23
(2
), pp. 242
–248
.10.1016/j.jlp.2009.10.00416.
Dogangun
,
A.
,
Karaca
,
Z.
,
Durmus
,
A.
, and
Sezen
,
H.
, 2009
, “
Cause of Damage and Failures in Silo Structures
,” J. Perform. Const. Facil.
,
23
(2
), pp. 65
–71
.10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2009)23:2(65)17.
Uckan
,
E.
,
Akbas
,
B.
,
Shen
,
J.
,
Wen
,
R.
,
Turandar
,
K.
, and
Erdik
,
M.
, 2015
, “
Seismic Performance of Elevated Steel Silos During Van Earthquake, October 23, 2011
,” Nat. Hazards
,
75
(1
), pp. 265
–287
.10.1007/s11069-014-1319-918.
ASCE,
2017
, Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
,
American Society of Civil Engineers
,
Reston, VA
, Standard No. ASCE 7
–16
.19.
Di Carluccio
,
A.
, 2007
, “
Structural Characterization and Seismic Evaluation of Steel Equipment in Industrial Plants
,” Doctoral dissertation,
University of Naples Federico II
, Italy
.20.
FEMA
, 2004
, NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures
,
Building Seismic Safety Council, Federal Emergency Management Agency
,
Washington DC
, Standard No. FEMA-450.21.
UBC
, 1997
, Uniform Building Code
,
International Code Council
, Washington, DC
.22.
IS
, 2002
, Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
,
Bureau of Indian Standards
,
New Delhi, India
, Standard No. IS 1893.23.
Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China (MCPRC)
, 2010
, Code for Seismic Design of Buildings
,
China Architecture & Building Press
,
Beijing, China
.24.
Ishiyama
,
Y.
, 2016
, “
Earthquake Damage and Seismic Code for Buildings in Japan
,” Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan, accessed June 8, 2016, http://ares.tu.chiba-u.jp/peru/pdf/meeting/120817/M6_Ishiyama.pdf25.
BSLJ,
2015
, The Building Standard Law in Japan
,
Building Center of Japan
,
Tokyo, Japan
.26.
EN
, 2004
, “
Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance—Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings
,” European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, Standard No. EN 1988–1
.http://www.confinedmasonry.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/Eurocode-8-1-Earthquakesgeneral.pdf27.
EN
, 2006
, “
Eurocode 8 - Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance - Part 4: Silos, Tanks and Pipelines
,” European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, Standard No. EN 1998–4
.https://www.phd.eng.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/en.1998.4.2006.pdf28.
TEC
, 2007
, Turkish Earthquake Design Code
,
The Ministry of Public Works and Settlement
,
Ankara, Turkish Republic
.29.
API
, 2007
, “
API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
,” Policy
,
552
(3
), American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC.30.
API
, 1977
, “Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
,”
American Petroleum Institute
, Washington, DC
, Standard No. 620.31.
EN
, 2005
, EN 1998-6. Eurocode 8 - Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance - Part 6: Towers, Masts and Chimneys
, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, Standard No. EN 1998
–6
.32.
Harris
,
S. P.
, and
Herman
,
K.
, 1998
, “
Performance-Based Seismic Upgrading of Lifeline Electric Utility Buildings Using Probabilistic Risk Assessment Methods
,” Proceedings of Sixth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
, Oakland, CA, May 31–June 4.10.1080/15583058.2018.150337133.
Kanyilmaz
,
A.
, and
Castiglioni
,
C. A.
, 2017
, “
Reducing the Seismic Vulnerability of Existing Elevated Silos by Means of Base Isolation Devices
,” Eng. Struct.
,
143
, pp. 477
–497
.10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.04.03234.
Salem
,
Y. S.
,
Wang
,
L.
, and
Aziz
,
G.
, 2018
, “
Assessment of Response Modification Factor of Open Steel Platform Structures Subjected to Seismic Loads
,” Sustainable Civil Infrastructures: Innovative Infrastructure Geotechnology
, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 131
–143
.10.1007/978-3-319-61914-9_1135.
EN
, 2004
, “Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance - Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings
,”
European Committee for Standardization
, Vol.
1
, Brussels, Belgium
, Standard No. EN 1998
–1
.36.
Wang
,
J.
,
Dai
,
K.
,
Yin
,
Y.
, and
Tesfamariam
,
S.
, 2018
, “
Seismic Performance-Based Design and Risk Analysis of Thermal Power Plant Building With Consideration of Vertical and Mass Irregularities
,” Eng. Struct.
,
164
, pp. 141
–154
.10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.03.00137.
Li
,
B.
,
Dai
,
K.
,
Li
,
H.
,
Li
,
B.
, and
Tesfamariam
,
S.
, 2019
, “
Optimum Design of a Non-Conventional Multiple Tuned Mass Damper for a Complex Power Plant Structure
,” Struct. Infrast. Eng.
,
15
(7
), pp. 954
–964
.10.1080/15732479.2019.158546138.
AISC,
2016
, Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings
, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, Standard No. AISC 341
–16
.39.
Chen
,
J.
,
Zhao
,
C.
,
Xu
,
Q.
, and
Yuan
,
C.
, 2014
, “
Seismic Analysis and Evaluation of the Base Isolation System in AP1000 NI Under SSE Loading
,” Nucl. Eng. Des.
,
278
, pp. 117
–133
.10.1016/j.nucengdes.2014.07.03040.
Sprague
,
H. O.
, 2009
, “
Buckling Restrained Braced Frame Application for a Power Plant
,” Proceedings of the 2009 Structures Congress - Don't Mess with Structural Engineers: Expanding Our Role
, Austin, TX, Apr. 30–May 2, pp. 920
–927
.10.1061/41031(341)10241.
Dasse Design Inc.
, 2007
, “Cost Advantages of Buckling-Restrained Braced Frame Buildings
,” Dasse Design Inc. Structural Engineers, San Francisco, Oakland, CA.http://ceosadmin.net-solutions.hu/attachedfile/1771d351dc027d69949b00acd80b7194.pdf42.
Huang
,
J.
,
Gao
,
X.
,
Wang
,
F.
,
Zeng
,
Z.
, and
Yu
,
J.
, 2019
, “
Role of Few BRB Settings in Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Frame Bent Structure
,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci.
, 242(6), p. 062006.https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/242/6/06200643.
López
,
W. A.
, and
Sabelli
,
R.
, 2004
, “
Seismic Design of Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames
,” Steel Tips
, 78, Structural Structural Steel Education Council Technical Information nd Products Service, Moraga, CA.https://abarsaze.ir/images/ScinteficResources/Steeltips/SSEC_TIP_76.pdf44.
Moradi
,
S.
,
Alam
,
M. S.
, and
Asgarian
,
B.
, 2014
, “
Incremental Dynamic Analysis of Steel Frames Equipped With NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Braces
,” Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build.
,
23
(18
), pp. 1406
–1425
.10.1002/tal.114945.
Morelli
,
F.
,
Piscini
,
A.
, and
Salvatore
,
W.
, 2017
, “
Seismic Behavior of an Industrial Steel Structure Retrofitted With Self-Centering Hysteretic Dampers
,” J. Const. Steel Res.
,
139
, pp. 157
–175
.10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.09.02546.
Phan
,
H. N.
,
Paolacci
,
F.
,
Bursi
,
O. S.
, and
Tondini
,
N.
, 2017
, “
Seismic Fragility Analysis of Elevated Steel Storage Tanks Supported by Reinforced Concrete Columns
,” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind.
,
47
, pp. 57
–65
.10.1016/j.jlp.2017.02.01747.
Arze
,
E.
, 1993
, “Seismic Design of Industrial Facilities,” Tectonophysics,
218
(1–3), pp. 23
–41
.48.
Daali
,
M.
, 2004
, “
Industrial Facilities and Earthquake Engineering
,” Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Aug. 1–6, Paper No. 330.https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/13_330.pdf49.
Peng
,
L.-Y.
,
Kang
,
Y.-J.
,
Lai
,
Z.-R.
, and
Deng
,
Y.-K.
, 2018
, “
Optimization and Damping Performance of a Coal-Fired Power Plant Building Equipped With Multiple Coal Bucket Dampers
,” Adv. Civ. Eng.
,
2018
, pp. 1
–19
.10.1155/2018/701501950.
Paolacci
,
F.
,
Giannini
,
R.
, and
de Angelis
,
M.
, 2013
, “
Seismic Response Mitigation of Chemical Plant Components by Passive Control Techniques
,” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind.
,
26
(5
), pp. 924
–935
.10.1016/j.jlp.2013.03.00351.
Shu
,
Z.
,
Li
,
S.
,
Zhang
,
J.
, and
He
,
M.
, 2017
, “
Optimum Seismic Design of a Power Plant Building With Pendulum Tuned Mass Damper System by Its Heavy Suspended Buckets
,” Eng. Struct.
,
136
, pp. 114
–132
.10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.01.01052.
Kang
,
Y.-J.
,
Peng
,
L.-Y.
,
Pan
,
P.
,
Wang
,
H.-S.
, and
Xiao
,
G.-Q.
, 2020
, “
Seismic Performances of a Structure Equipped With a Large Mass Ratio Multiple Tuned Mass Damper
,” Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build.
,
29
(17
), p. e1803.10.1002/tal.180353.
Dai
,
K.
,
Li
,
B.
,
Li
,
H.
,
Wang
,
J.
,
Li
,
A.
,
Liu
,
K.
, and
Tesfamariam
,
S.
, 2018
, “Reliability Based Mass Uncertain Nonconventional Multiple Tuned Mass Damper Optimization for Thermal Power Plant MTMD,” Gongcheng Kexue Yu Jishu/Adv. Eng. Sci.
,
50
(3
), pp. 82
–90
.10.15961/j.jsuese.20180039854.
Dai
,
K.
,
Li
,
B.
,
Wang
,
J.
,
Li
,
A.
,
Li
,
H.
,
Li
,
J.
, and
Tesfamariam
,
S.
, 2018
, “
Optimal Probability-Based Partial Mass Isolation of Elevated Coal Scuttle in Thermal Power Plant Building
,” Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build.
,
27
(11
), p. e1477.10.1002/tal.147755.
Bakalis
,
K.
,
Vamvatsikos
,
D.
, and
Fragiadakis
,
M.
, 2017
, “
Seismic Risk Assessment of Liquid Storage Tanks Via a Nonlinear Surrogate Model
,” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn.
,
46
(15
), pp. 2851
–2868
.10.1002/eqe.293956.
Korkmaz
,
K. A.
,
Sari
,
A.
, and
Carhoglu
,
A. I.
, 2011
, “
Seismic Risk Assessment of Storage Tanks in Turkish Industrial Facilities
,” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind.
,
24
(4
), pp. 314
–320
.10.1016/j.jlp.2011.01.00357.
Colombo
,
J. I.
, and
Almazán
,
J. L.
, 2015
, “
Seismic Reliability of Continuously Supported Steel Wine Storage Tanks Retrofitted With Energy Dissipation Devices
,” Eng. Struct.
,
98
, pp. 201
–211
.10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.04.03758.
di Carluccio
,
A.
, and
Fabbrocino
,
G.
, 2012
, “
Some Remarks on the Seismic Demand Estimation in the Context of Vulnerability Assessment of Large Steel Storage Tank Facilities
,” ISRN Civ. Eng.
,
2012
, pp. 1
–12
.10.5402/2012/27141459.
Safari
,
S.
, and
Tarinejad
,
R.
, 2018
, “
Parametric Study of Stochastic Seismic Responses of Base-Isolated Liquid Storage Tanks Under Near-Fault and Far-Fault Ground Motions
,” JVC/J. Vib. Control
,
24
(24
), pp. 5747
–5764
.10.1177/107754631664757660.
Pinkawa
,
M.
,
Hoffmeister
,
B.
, and
Feldmann
,
M.
, 2016
, “
Performance Assessment of Seismic Retrofitting Measures on Silo Structures Using Innovative Seismic Protection Systems
,” ECCOMAS Congress 2016 - Proceedings of the Seventh European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering
, Crete Island, Greece, June 5
–10
.10.7712/100016.2225.887661.
Rossi
,
E.
,
Ventrella
,
M.
,
Faggella
,
M.
,
Gigliotti
,
R.
, and
Braga
,
F.
, 2016
, “
Performance Based Earthquake Assessment of an Industrial Silos Structure and Retrofit With Sliding Isolators
,” ECCOMAS Congress 2016 - Proceedings of the Seventh European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering
, Crete Island, Greece, June 5
–10
.10.7712/100016.2229.1199362.
Panchal
,
V. R.
, and
Jangid
,
R. S.
, 2008
, “
Variable Friction Pendulum System for Seismic Isolation of Liquid Storage Tanks
,” Nucl. Eng. Des.
,
238
(6
), pp. 1304
–1315
.10.1016/j.nucengdes.2007.10.01163.
Bursi
,
O. S.
,
Reza
,
M. S.
,
Abbiati
,
G.
, and
Paolacci
,
F.
, 2015
, “
Performance-Based Earthquake Evaluation of a Full-Scale Petrochemical Piping System
,” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind.
,
33
, pp. 10
–22
.10.1016/j.jlp.2014.11.00464.
Mai
,
C.
,
Konakli
,
K.
, and
Sudret
,
B.
, 2017
, “
Seismic Fragility Curves for Structures Using Non-Parametric Representations
,” Front. Struct. Civ. Eng.
,
11
(2
), pp. 169
–186
.10.1007/s11709-017-0385-y65.
Pitilakis
,
K.
,
Crowley
,
H.
, and
Kaynia
,
A. M.
, 2014
, “
SYNER-G: Typology Definition and Fragility Functions for Physical Elements at Seismic Risk
,” Geotech. Geol. Earthq. Eng.
, 27, pp. 1
–28
.https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-007-7872-666.
Altieri
,
D.
, and
Patelli
,
E.
, 2020
, “
An Efficient Approach for Computing Analytical Non-Parametric Fragility Curves
,” Struct. Saf.
,
85
, p. 101956
.10.1016/j.strusafe.2020.10195667.
Della Corte
,
G.
,
Iervolino
,
I.
, and
Petruzzelli
,
F.
, 2013
, “
Structural Modelling Issues in Seismic Performance Assessment of Industrial Steel Buildings
,” ECCOMAS Thematic Conference—COMPDYN 2013: Fourth International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Proceedings—An IACM Special Interest Conference
, Kos Island, Greece, June 12
–14
.10.7712/120113.4521.C146168.
Panico
,
A.
,
Basco
,
A.
,
Lanzano
,
G.
,
Pirozzi
,
F.
,
Santucci de Magistris
,
F.
,
Fabbrocino
,
G.
, and
Salzano
,
E.
, 2017
, “
Evaluating the Structural Priorities for the Seismic Vulnerability of Civilian and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plants
,” Saf. Sci.
,
97
, pp. 51
–57
.10.1016/j.ssci.2015.12.03069.
Salzano
,
E.
,
Garcia Agreda
,
A.
,
di Carluccio
,
A.
, and
Fabbrocino
,
G.
, 2009
, “
Risk Assessment and Early Warning Systems for Industrial Facilities in Seismic Zones
,” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf.
,
94
(10
), pp. 1577
–1584
.10.1016/j.ress.2009.02.02370.
Phan
,
H. N.
,
Paolacci
,
F.
, and
Alessandri
,
S.
, 2019
, “
Enhanced Seismic Fragility Analysis of Unanchored Steel Storage Tanks Accounting for Uncertain Modeling Parameters
,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol.
,
141
(1
), p. 010903.10.1115/1.403963571.
Phan
,
H. N.
,
Paolacci
,
F.
,
Nguyen
,
V. M.
, and
Hoang
,
P. H.
, 2021
, “
Ground Motion Intensity Measures for Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Steel Storage Tanks With Unanchored Support Conditions
,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol.
,
143
(6
), p. 061904.10.1115/1.405124472.
D-Amico
,
M.
, and
Buratti
,
N.
, 2019
, “
Observational Seismic Fragility Curves for Steel Cylindrical Tanks
,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol.
,
141
(1
), p. 010904.10.1115/1.404013773.
Kostinakis
,
K.
,
Fontara
,
I. K.
, and
Athanatopoulou
,
A. M.
, 2018
, “
Scalar Structure-Specific Ground Motion Intensity Measures for Assessing the Seismic Performance of Structures: A Review
,” J. Earthquake Eng.
,
22
(4
), pp. 630
–665
.10.1080/13632469.2016.126432374.
Song
,
J.
, and
Ellingwood
,
B. R.
, 1999
, “
Probabilistic Modeling of Steel Moment Frames With Welded Connections
,” Eng. J.
,
36
(3
), pp. 121
–128
.https://www.aisc.org/Probabilistic-Modeling-of-Steel-Moment-Frames-with-Welded-Connections75.
de Biasio
,
M.
,
Grange
,
S.
,
Dufour
,
F.
,
Allain
,
F.
, and
Petre-Lazar
,
I.
, 2014
, “
A Simple and Efficient Intensity Measure to Account for Nonlinear Structural Behavior
,” Earthquake Spectra
,
30
(4
), pp. 1403
–1426
.10.1193/010614EQS006M76.
Phan
,
H. N.
,
Paolacci
,
F.
,
di Filippo
,
R.
, and
Bursi
,
O. S.
, 2020
, “
Seismic Vulnerability of Above-Ground Storage Tanks With Unanchored Support Conditions for Na-Tech Risks Based on Gaussian Process Regression
,” Bull. Earthquake Eng.
,
18
(15
), pp. 6883
–6906
.10.1007/s10518-020-00960-777.
Laguardia
,
R.
,
Piscini
,
A.
,
Faggella
,
M.
,
Gigliotti
,
R.
,
Morelli
,
F.
,
Braga
,
F.
, and
Salvatore
,
W.
, 2017
, “
Performance Based Earthquake Assessment of an Industrial Gas Filter Structure
,” COMPDYN 2017—Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering
, Rhodes Island, Greece, June 15–17, pp. 4184
–4193
.10.7712/120117.5715.1843978.
Porter
,
K.
,
Johnson
,
G.
,
Sheppard
,
R.
, and
Bachman
,
R.
, 2011
, “
Erratum: Fragility of Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing Equipment (Earthquake Spectra (2011) 27 (229-233))
,” Earthquake Spectra
,
27
(4
), p. 1255
.10.1193/1.365296379.
FEMA
, 2000
, “Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings
,”
Federal Emergency Management Agency
,
Washington, DC
, Report No. FEMA-356.https://nehrpsearch.nist.gov/static/files/FEMA/PB2009105376.pdf80.
Eatherton
,
M. R.
,
Fahnestock
,
L. A.
, and
Miller
,
D. J.
, 2014
, “
Self-Centering Buckling Restrained Brace Development and Application for Seismic Response Mitigation
,” NCEE 2014—Tenth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering: Frontiers of Earthquake Engineering
, Anchorage, Alaska, July 21
–25
.10.4231/D3HM52K7Q81.
Caputo
,
A. C.
,
Kalemi
,
B.
,
Paolacci
,
F.
, and
Corritore
,
D.
, 2020
, “
Computing Resilience of Process Plants Under Na-Tech Events: Methodology and Application to Sesmic Loading Scenarios
,” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf.
,
195
, p. 106685
.10.1016/j.ress.2019.10668582.
Petruzzelli
,
F.
,
Iervolino
,
I.
, and
Della Corte
,
G.
, 2012
, “
Seismic Risk Assessment of an Industrial Steel Building, Part 2: Fragility and Failure Probabilities
,” 15th World Conference Earthquake Engineering
, Lisbon, Portugal, Sept. 24–28, Paper No. 3086, pp. 24
–28
.https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/WCEE2012_3088.pdf83.
McLellan
,
B.
,
Zhang
,
Q.
,
Farzaneh
,
H.
,
Utama
,
N. A.
, and
Ishihara
,
K. N.
, 2012
, “
Resilience, Sustainability and Risk Management: A Focus on Energy
,” Challenges
,
3
(2
), pp. 153
–182
.10.3390/challe302015384.
Baker
,
G. H.
, 2005
, “
A Vulnerability Assessment Methodology for Critical Infrastructure Facilities
,” Proceedings of the Department of Homeland Security's Research Symposium
, Austin, TX, Apr. 27.85.
Cimellaro
,
G. P.
, 2016
, “
Downtime and Recovery Models
,” Geotech., Geol. Earthquake Eng.
,
41
, pp. 93
–108
.10.1007/978-3-319-30656-8_586.
Kammouh
,
O.
,
Cimellaro
,
G. P.
, and
Mahin
,
S. A.
, 2018
, “
Downtime Estimation and Analysis of Lifelines After an Earthquake
,” Eng. Struct.
,
173
, pp. 393
–403
.10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.09387.
ATC
, 2018
, Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings. Volume 2 – Implementation Guide
,
Applied Technology Council
, Washington, DC
.88.
Bradley
,
B. A.
,
Dhakal
,
R. P.
,
Cubrinovski
,
M.
,
MacRae
,
G. A.
, and
Lee
,
D. S.
, 2009
, “
Seismic Loss Estimation for Efficient Decision Making
,” Bull. New Zealand Soc. Earthquake Eng.
,
42
(2
), pp. 96
–110
.10.5459/bnzsee.42.2.96-11089.
Porter
,
K.
, and
Ramer
,
K.
, 2012
, “
Estimating Earthquake-Induced Failure Probability and Downtime of Critical Facilities
,” J. Bus Contin. Emer. Plan
,
5
(4
), pp. 352
–364
.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22576139/90.
Kakderi
,
K.
, and
Argyroudis
,
S.
, 2014
, “
Fragility Functions of Water and Waste-Water Systems
,” Geotech., Geol. Earthquake Eng.
,
2
7, pp. 221
–258
.10.1007/978-94-007-7872-6_891.
Mieler
,
M.
,
Paul
,
N.
,
Almufti
,
I.
, and
Lee
,
J.
, 2018
, “
Predicting Earthquake-Induced Downtime in Buildings: An Overview of the State of the Art
,” 11th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering 2018, NCEE 2018: Integrating Science, Engineering, and Policy
, Los Angeles, CA, June 25
–29
.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326304859_Predicting_earthquakeinduced_downtime_in_buildings_An_overview_of_the_state_of_the_art92.
Owa, Y., Suzuki, K., Aida, K., Fujita, S., Maruyama, N., and Chiba, T.
, 2000
, “
Evaluation of Aseismic Reliability of Actual Boiler Structures and a Study on Seismic Tie Design Based on Proof Tests Using a Large Scaled Shaking Table
,” ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping, 402, pp. 237–244.
93.
AISC
, 2010
, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
,
American Institute of Steel Construction, European Committe for Standardization
, Brussels, Belgium
, Standard No. ANSI/AISC 360
–16
.94.
Aida
,
K.
,
Owa
,
Y.
,
Murayama
,
N.
,
Kawamura
,
K.
,
Suzuki
,
K.
,
Fujita
,
S.
, and
Chiba
,
T.
, 2004
, “
Anti-Vibration Performance Proof Test for an Optimized Stiffness Distribution of Elasto-Plastic Joint Elements for Boiler Structures
,” Nihon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu, C Hen/Trans. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng., Part C
,
70
(698
), pp. 2817
–2821
.https://hi.booksc.eu/book/63233126/90b28c95.
Fushimi
,
K.
,
Fujita
,
S.
, and
Minagawa
,
K.
, 2017
, “
Improvement of Seismic Resistance Performance of Thermal Power Plants by Applying Vibration Control Dampers
,” ASME
Paper No. PVP2017-65713.10.1115/PVP2017-6571396.
Minagawa
,
K.
,
Aida
,
K.
, and
Fujita
,
S.
, 2020
, “
Research and Development of Viscous Fluid Dampers for Improvement of Seismic Resistance of Thermal Power Plants: Part 10–Damper to Suppress Relative Deformation Between Furnace and Cage
,” ASME
Paper No. PVP2020-21269.10.1115/PVP2020-2126997.
Ishida
,
K.
,
Akiyama
,
H.
,
Tazuke
,
H.
, and
Chiba
,
T.
, 1999
, “
Nonlinear Analysis of EFB Phenomena of Cylindrical Storage Tanks Due to Seismic Loading
,” Paper No.
394, pp. 177–184.98.
Aida
,
K.
,
Owa
,
Y.
,
Suzuki
,
K.
, and
Fujita
,
S.
, 2004
, “
Evaluation of Aseismic Reliability of Actual Boiler Structures and a Study on Design of Seismic Ties Based on Proof Tests Using a Large Scaled Shaking Table
,” ASME J. Pressure Vessel Technol.
,
126
(1
), pp. 46
–52
.10.1115/1.163764599.
Wang
,
Y.
, and
Xie
,
M.
, 2012
, “
Approach to Integrate Fuzzy Fault Tree With Bayesian Network
,” Procedia Eng.
,
45
, pp. 131
–138
.10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.133Copyright © 2022 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
