...Craig M. Tarver; Steven K. Chidester High explosive reactions can be caused by three general energy deposition processes: impact ignition by frictional and/or shear heating; bulk thermal heating; and shock compression. The violence of the subsequent reaction varies from benign slow combustion...

..., to which 4 grams of additive was added by removing the igniter, pouring in the additive powder, shaking the case to distribute the additive, and then replacing the igniter. Although the additive was only 3.1% of the propellant mass it had a remarkable effect in reducing heat transfer. Without the additive...