Abstract

An improved heat balance nodal model is proposed to predict the inner wall temperature profiles and calculate the stratified air-conditioning load in large spaces. The model aims to weaken the correlation between load calculation methods and indoor airflow patterns, and to ensure the synchronization of each heat transfer process, so as to be closer to actual situations. The scale-model experiments were conducted in an enthalpy different laboratory in University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST) in Shanghai, China. This paper took the air distribution of nozzle air supply system as an example to calculate the inner wall temperatures and the stratified air-conditioning load by the nodal model and verified by the scale-model experiments. The results showed the maximum deviations of the experimental and theoretical values for the inner wall temperatures, the heat transfer load from the nonair-conditioned (NAC) area and the stratified air-conditioning load were all within 5%. The effects of the air temperature in the NAC area on the heat transfer load from the NAC area and the stratified air-conditioning load were analyzed, and the load nomogram was produced. It was found the heat transfer load from the NAC area accounted for 10–30% of the stratified air-conditioning load. The load nomogram compared two methods for determining the air temperature in the NAC area and gave the recommended one. The findings in this paper can be used to further develop load calculation models for non-uniform thermal environments.

References

1.
Huang
,
Y.
, and
Niu
,
J.
,
2016
, “
A Review of the Advance of HVAC Technologies as Witnessed in ENB Publications in the Period From 1987 to 2014
,”
Energy Build.
,
130
, pp.
33
45
. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.08.036
2.
Khalesi
,
J.
, and
Goudarzi
,
N.
,
2019
, “
Thermal Comfort Investigation of Stratified Indoor Environment in Displacement Ventilation: Climate-Adaptive Building With Smart Windows
,”
Sustainable Cities Soc.
,
46
, p.
101354
. 10.1016/j.scs.2018.11.029
3.
Shan
,
X.
,
Xu
,
W.
,
Lee
,
Y. K.
, and
Lu
,
W.
,
2019
, “
Evaluation of Thermal Environment by Coupling CFD Analysis and Wireless-Sensor Measurements of a Full-Scale Room With Cooling System
,”
Sustainable Cities Soc.
,
45
, pp.
395
405
. 10.1016/j.scs.2018.12.011
4.
Bing
,
W.
,
Li
,
L.
,
Gao
,
Y.
, and
Yang
,
X.
,
2008
, “
Energy Saving Potentials of All Cold air Distribution System With Stratified Air Conditioning in Large Space Building
,”
ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability Collocated With the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences
,
Jacksonville, FL
,
Aug. 10–14
, pp.
261
266
.
5.
Crouzeix
,
C.
,
Le Mouël
,
J.-L.
,
Perrier
,
F.
, and
Richon
,
P.
,
2006
, “
Thermal Stratification Induced by Heating in a Non-Adiabatic Context
,”
Build. Environ.
,
41
(
7
), pp.
926
939
. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.04.003
6.
Huang
,
C.
,
Zou
,
Z.
,
Li
,
M.
,
Wang
,
X.
,
Li
,
W.
,
Huang
,
W.
,
Yang
,
J.
, and
Xiao
,
X.
,
2007
, “
Measurements of Indoor Thermal Environment and Energy Analysis in a Large Space Building in Typical Seasons
,”
Build. Environ.
,
42
(
5
), pp.
1869
1877
. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.02.016
7.
Xu
,
M.
,
Yamanaka
,
T.
, and
Kotani
,
H.
,
2010
, “
Vertical Profiles of Temperature and Contaminant Concentration in Rooms Ventilated by Displacement With Heat Loss Through Room Envelopes
,”
Indoor Air
,
11
(
2
), pp.
111
119
. 10.1034/j.1600-0668.2001.110205.x
8.
Stamou
,
A.
, and
Katsiris
,
I.
,
2006
, “
Verification of a CFD Model for Indoor Airflow and Heat Transfer
,”
Build. Environ.
,
41
(
9
), pp.
1171
1181
. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.06.029
9.
Gilani
,
S.
,
Montazeri
,
H.
, and
Blocken
,
B.
,
2016
, “
CFD Simulation of Stratified Indoor Environment in Displacement Ventilation: Validation and Sensitivity Analysis
,”
Build. Environ.
,
95
(
2
), pp.
299
313
. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.09.010
10.
Wang
,
X.
,
Huang
,
C.
, and
Cao
,
W.
,
2009
, “
Mathematical Modeling and Experimental Study on Vertical Temperature Distribution of Hybrid Ventilation in an Atrium Building
,”
Energy Build.
,
41
(
9
), pp.
907
914
. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.03.002
11.
Wu
,
X. Z.
,
Olesen
,
B. W.
, and
Fang
,
L.
,
2013
, “
A Nodal Model to Predict Vertical Temperature Distribution in a Room With floor Heating and Displacement Ventilation
,”
Build. Environ.
,
59
, pp.
626
634
. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.10.002
12.
Zou
,
Y.
,
Wang
,
S.
,
Peng
,
R.
, and
Yang
,
C.
,
1983
, “
Investigation on Cooling Load Calculation of Stratified air Conditioning for Large Space Industrial Plants
,”
J. Refrig.
,
4
, pp.
51
58
.
13.
Spitler
,
J. D.
,
Fisher
,
D. E.
, and
Pedersen
,
C. O.
,
1997
, “
The Radiant Time Series Cooling Load Calculation Procedure
,”
ASHRAE Trans.
,
103
(
2
), pp.
503
515
.
14.
Huang
,
C.
,
Li
,
R.
,
Liu
,
Y.
,
Liu
,
J.
, and
Wang
,
X.
,
2019
, “
Study of Indoor Thermal Environment and Stratified Air-Conditioning Load With Low-Sidewall Air Supply for Large Space Based on Block-Gebhart Model
,”
Build. Environ.
,
147
, pp.
495
505
. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.10.036
15.
Xu
,
H.
,
Gao
,
N.
, and
Niu
,
J.
,
2009
, “
A Method to Generate Effective Cooling Load Factors for Stratified Air Distribution Systems Using a Floor-Level Air Supply
,”
HVAC&R Res.
,
15
(
5
), pp.
915
930
. 10.1080/10789669.2009.10390872
16.
Pan
,
Y.
,
Li
,
Y.
,
Huang
,
Z.
, and
Wu
,
G.
,
2010
, “
Study on Simulation Methods of Atrium Building Cooling Load in Hot and Humid Regions
,”
Energy Build.
,
42
(
10
), pp.
1654
1660
. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.04.008
17.
Cheng
,
Y.
,
Yang
,
B.
, and
Lin
,
Z.
,
2018
, “
Cooling Load Calculation Methods in Spaces With Stratified Air: A Brief Review and Numerical Investigation
,”
Energy Build.
,
165
, pp.
47
55
. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.01.043
18.
Gorton
,
R. L.
, and
Sassi
,
M. M.
,
1982
, “
Determination of Temperature Profiles and Loads in a Thermally Stratified, Air-Conditioned System: Part I-Model Studies
,”
ASHARE Trans.
,
88
(
2
), pp.
14
32
.
19.
Gorton
,
R. L.
, and
Sassi
,
M. M.
,
1982
, “
Determination of Temperature Profiles and Loads in a Thermally Stratified, Air-Conditioned System: Part II-Program Description and Comparison of Computed and Measured Results
,”
ASHARE Trans.
,
88
(
2
), pp.
33
49
.
20.
Bian
,
B.
,
1988
,
Analysis and Calculation of Radiative Heat Transfer
,
Tsinghua University Press
,
Beijing, China
,
Chap. 3
.
21.
Xu
,
Y.
,
Wang
,
X.
,
Huang
,
C.
,
Du
,
G.
, and
Zhang
,
Y.
,
2019
, “
Assessing the Interaction of Air From a jet Diffuser on a Thermal Plume in a Room Using Two-Dimensional Particle Image Velocimetry
,”
Build. Serv. Eng. Res. Technol.
,
40
(
6
), pp.
669
681
. 10.1177/0143624418824798
22.
Xu
,
Y.
,
Wang
,
X.
,
Ma
,
J.
,
Huang
,
C.
, and
Zhu
,
Z.
,
2019
, “
Study of Convective Heat Transfer Load Induced by Nozzle Air Supply in Large Spaces With Thermal Stratification Based on Block-Gebhart Model
,”
Sustainable Cities Soc.
,
50
, p.
101669
. 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101669
23.
Lu
,
Y.
,
1993
,
Design Guide for Practical Heating and Air Conditioning
,
China Architecture and Building Press
,
Beijing, China
,
Chap. 22
.
You do not currently have access to this content.